Mystery hepatitis outbreak spreads to EU and US

Health officials say they have detected more cases of a mysterious liver disease in children that was first identified in January, with new infections spreading to Europe and the US.

Last week, health officials reported 74 cases had been identified, 49 in England, 13 in Scotland and 12 across Wales and Northern Ireland, all of which have occurred since January.

The usual viruses that cause infectious hepatitis were not seen in the cases, and scientists and doctors are considering other possible sources, including Covid-19, other viruses and environmental factors.

In a statement on Tuesday, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control said additional cases of hepatitis had been identified in Denmark, Ireland, the Netherlands and Spain, without specifying exactly how many cases were found.

Alabama

It said US officials spotted nine cases of acute hepatitis in Alabama in children aged one to six.

“Mild hepatitis is very common in children following a range of viral infections, but what is being seen at the moment is quite different,” said Graham Cooke, a professor of infectious diseases at Imperial College London.

Some of the cases in the UK have required specialist care at liver units and a few have needed a liver transplant.

Prof Cooke was not convinced Covid-19 was responsible.

“If the hepatitis was a result of Covid it would be surprising not to see it more widely distributed across the country given the high prevalence of (Covid-19) at the moment,” he said.

“At present, the exact cause of hepatitis in these children remains unknown,” the European CDC said.

Viruses

UK scientists previously said one of the possible causes they were investigating were adenoviruses, a family of common viruses usually responsible for conditions like pink eye, a sore throat, or diarrhoea.

US authorities said the nine children with acute hepatitis in Alabama tested positive for adenovirus.

Some doctors have noted that adenoviruses are so common in children that finding them in those with hepatitis does not necessarily mean the viruses are responsible for the liver disease.

Health officials in the UK have ruled out any links to Covid-19 vaccines, saying none of the affected children was vaccinated.

The World Health Organisation noted that although there has been an increase in adenovirus, which is spreading at the same time as Covid-19, the potential role of those viruses in triggering hepatitis is unclear.

Coronavirus

Some of the children have tested positive for coronavirus, but the WHO said genetic analysis of the virus was needed to determine if there were any connections between the cases.

It said no other links had been found between the children in the UK and none had recently travelled internationally. Lab tests are also under way to determine if a chemical or toxin might be the cause.

The WHO said there were fewer than five possible cases in Ireland and three confirmed cases in Spain, in children aged 22 months to 13 years.

The UN health agency said that given the jump in cases and heightened surveillance, it is “very likely” more cases will be detected before the cause of the outbreak is identified.